Karl-Friedrich Israel, Author at IREF Europe https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/kfisrael/ Independent research and policy analysis on fiscal, monetary, and regulatory issues in Europe Wed, 08 Jul 2026 09:07:50 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=7.0.2 https://en.irefeurope.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2026/04/IREF-LinkedIn-Profile-DarkBlue-scaled.png Karl-Friedrich Israel, Author at IREF Europe https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/kfisrael/ 32 32 Why Do Central Bank Economists Listen to Some Countries More Than Others? https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/why-do-central-bank-economists-listen-to-some-countries-more-than-others/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=why-do-central-bank-economists-listen-to-some-countries-more-than-others Mon, 13 Jul 2026 07:00:31 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=36832 When central banks make decisions about inflation, interest rates, or financial stability, they rely heavily on economic research. But where does that research come from? And whose ideas end up…

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]]> Has the Euro Really Brought Europe Closer Together? https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/has-the-euro-really-brought-europe-closer-together/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=has-the-euro-really-brought-europe-closer-together Fri, 10 Jul 2026 07:00:41 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=36828 One of the main promises behind the euro was economic convergence. By sharing a common currency, European economies were expected to become more alike over time, making a single monetary…

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]]> Did ECB Policy Make Germany’s Banking System More Resilient? https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/did-ecb-policy-make-germanys-banking-system-more-resilient/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=did-ecb-policy-make-germanys-banking-system-more-resilient Tue, 07 Jul 2026 16:04:59 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=36823 For nearly two decades, the European Central Bank has relied on exceptionally low interest rates, massive asset purchases, and generous lending programs to support the economy. These policies were designed…

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]]> Monetary Policy Transmission and Bank Resilience in Germany https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/working-paper-series/article/monetary-policy-transmission-and-bank-resilience-in-germany/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=monetary-policy-transmission-and-bank-resilience-in-germany Mon, 25 May 2026 12:25:40 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=36806 Monetary policy changes the stability of German banks differently based on their ownership and business goals. Existing literature shows that monetary policies stabilize markets but can also encourage institutions to…

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]]> Inflation: the worst of all taxes https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/inflation-the-worst-of-all-taxes/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=inflation-the-worst-of-all-taxes Sun, 10 May 2026 15:12:52 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=36785 Milton Friedman is often quoted as having said something to the effect that inflation is taxation without legislation on multiple occasions during his career (cf. for example Friedman and Friedman…

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