Luca Martina, Author at IREF Europe https://en.irefeurope.org Independent research and policy analysis on fiscal, monetary, and regulatory issues in Europe Wed, 17 Sep 2025 13:50:28 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=7.1 https://en.irefeurope.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2026/04/IREF-LinkedIn-Profile-DarkBlue-scaled.png Luca Martina, Author at IREF Europe https://en.irefeurope.org 32 32 The Art of Tariffs https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/the-art-of-tariffs/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=the-art-of-tariffs https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/the-art-of-tariffs/#respond Wed, 17 Sep 2025 05:30:50 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=36021 Upon returning to office in January 2025, President Donald J. Trump swiftly reignited his signature “America First” trade agenda. Central to this strategy was a sweeping overhaul of U.S. tariff…

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]]> https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/the-art-of-tariffs/feed/ 0 The Chinese educational system has been the key to China’s technological rise. Tariffs will not change the picture https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/the-chinese-educational-system-has-been-the-key-to-chinas-technological-rise-tariffs-will-not-change-the-picture/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=the-chinese-educational-system-has-been-the-key-to-chinas-technological-rise-tariffs-will-not-change-the-picture https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/the-chinese-educational-system-has-been-the-key-to-chinas-technological-rise-tariffs-will-not-change-the-picture/#respond Wed, 11 Jun 2025 03:42:21 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=35902 In May, we examined how the quality of Chinese exports—as measured by the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) developed by Harvard’s Growth Lab—has significantly improved over the past three decades and…

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]]> https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/the-chinese-educational-system-has-been-the-key-to-chinas-technological-rise-tariffs-will-not-change-the-picture/feed/ 0 How China went from low-cost exporter to tech rival and why tariffs won’t save the day https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/how-china-went-from-low-cost-exporter-to-tech-rival-and-why-tariffs-wont-save-the-day/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=how-china-went-from-low-cost-exporter-to-tech-rival-and-why-tariffs-wont-save-the-day https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/how-china-went-from-low-cost-exporter-to-tech-rival-and-why-tariffs-wont-save-the-day/#respond Wed, 28 May 2025 05:30:34 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=35875 The United States has accused China of leveraging an unfair advantage in trade relations and is threatening the imposition of substantial new tariffs. This raises two fundamental questions: are the…

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]]> https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/how-china-went-from-low-cost-exporter-to-tech-rival-and-why-tariffs-wont-save-the-day/feed/ 0 Terra Incognita https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/terra-incognita/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=terra-incognita https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/terra-incognita/#respond Wed, 16 Apr 2025 03:42:32 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=35838 We don’t know whether the trade war triggered by President Donald Trump stems from his ignorance of the potential consequences, it is a poorly conceived strategy of “conquering” global markets,…

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