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	<title>Miroslav Svoboda, Author at IREF Europe</title>
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li .amount, .woocommerce table.shop_table td.product-name a:hover, .woocommerce table.shop_table td.product-price span, .woocommerce table.shop_table td.product-subtotal span, .woocommerce-cart .cart-collaterals .cart_totals table td .amount, .woocommerce .woocommerce-info:before, .woocommerce div.product span.price, .penci-container-inside.penci-breadcrumb span a:hover { color: #0176c1; } .standard-content .penci-more-link.penci-more-link-button a.more-link, .penci-readmore-btn.penci-btn-make-button a, .penci-featured-cat-seemore.penci-btn-make-button a{ background-color: #0176c1; color: #fff; } .penci-vernav-toggle:before{ border-top-color: #0176c1; color: #fff; } .archive-box h1{ color: #02053b; } #penci-login-popup:before{ opacity: ; } .penci-header-signup-form { padding-top: px; padding-bottom: px; } .penci-slide-overlay .overlay-link, .penci-slider38-overlay, .penci-flat-overlay .penci-slide-overlay .penci-mag-featured-content:before { opacity: ; } .penci-item-mag:hover .penci-slide-overlay .overlay-link, .featured-style-38 .item:hover .penci-slider38-overlay, .penci-flat-overlay .penci-item-mag:hover .penci-slide-overlay .penci-mag-featured-content:before { opacity: ; } .penci-featured-content .featured-slider-overlay { opacity: ; } .featured-style-29 .featured-slider-overlay { opacity: ; } .header-standard > h2 a { color: #02053b; } .header-standard > h2 a { color: #02053b; } .penci-featured-infor .penci-entry-title a, .penci-grid li .item h2 a, .penci-masonry .item-masonry h2 a, .grid-mixed .mixed-detail h2 a { color: #02053b; } .penci-grid li.typography-style .overlay-typography { opacity: ; } .penci-grid li.typography-style:hover .overlay-typography { opacity: ; } #footer-logo a{ max-width: 100px; } .penci-user-logged-in .penci-user-action-links a, .penci-login-register input[type="submit"], .widget input[type="submit"], .widget button[type="submit"], .contact-form input[type=submit], #respond #submit, .wpcf7 input[type="submit"], .widget_wysija input[type="submit"], div.wpforms-container .wpforms-form.wpforms-form input[type=submit], div.wpforms-container .wpforms-form.wpforms-form button[type=submit], div.wpforms-container .wpforms-form.wpforms-form .wpforms-page-button, .mc4wp-form input[type=submit]{ background-color: #02053b; } .pcdark-mode .penci-user-logged-in .penci-user-action-links a, .pcdark-mode .penci-login-register input[type="submit"], .pcdark-mode .widget input[type="submit"], .pcdark-mode .widget button[type="submit"], .pcdark-mode .contact-form input[type=submit], .pcdark-mode #respond #submit, .pcdark-mode .wpcf7 input[type="submit"], .pcdark-mode .widget_wysija input[type="submit"], .pcdark-mode div.wpforms-container .wpforms-form.wpforms-form input[type=submit], .pcdark-mode div.wpforms-container .wpforms-form.wpforms-form button[type=submit], .pcdark-mode div.wpforms-container .wpforms-form.wpforms-form .wpforms-page-button, .pcdark-mode .mc4wp-form input[type=submit]{ background-color: #02053b; } .penci-user-logged-in .penci-user-action-links a, .penci-login-register input[type="submit"], .widget input[type="submit"], .widget button[type="submit"], .contact-form input[type=submit], #respond #submit, .wpcf7 input[type="submit"], .widget_wysija input[type="submit"], div.wpforms-container .wpforms-form.wpforms-form input[type=submit], div.wpforms-container .wpforms-form.wpforms-form button[type=submit], div.wpforms-container .wpforms-form.wpforms-form .wpforms-page-button, .mc4wp-form input[type=submit]{ color: #ffffff; } .pcdark-mode .penci-user-logged-in .penci-user-action-links a, .pcdark-mode .penci-login-register input[type="submit"], .pcdark-mode .widget input[type="submit"], .pcdark-mode .widget button[type="submit"], .pcdark-mode .contact-form input[type=submit], .pcdark-mode #respond #submit, .pcdark-mode .wpcf7 input[type="submit"], .pcdark-mode .widget_wysija input[type="submit"], .pcdark-mode div.wpforms-container .wpforms-form.wpforms-form input[type=submit], .pcdark-mode div.wpforms-container .wpforms-form.wpforms-form button[type=submit], .pcdark-mode div.wpforms-container .wpforms-form.wpforms-form .wpforms-page-button, .pcdark-mode .mc4wp-form input[type=submit]{ color: #ffffff; } .wp-block-search .wp-block-search__button svg{ fill: #ffffff; } .home-featured-cat-content .mag-photo .mag-overlay-photo { opacity: ; } .home-featured-cat-content .mag-photo:hover .mag-overlay-photo { opacity: ; } .inner-item-portfolio:hover .penci-portfolio-thumbnail a:after { opacity: ; } .penci-menuhbg-toggle { width: 18px; } .penci-menuhbg-toggle .penci-menuhbg-inner { height: 18px; } .penci-menuhbg-toggle .penci-lines, .penci-menuhbg-wapper{ width: 18px; } .penci-menuhbg-toggle .lines-button{ top: 8px; } .penci-menuhbg-toggle .penci-lines:before{ top: 5px; } .penci-menuhbg-toggle .penci-lines:after{ top: -5px; } .penci-menuhbg-toggle:hover .lines-button:after, .penci-menuhbg-toggle:hover .penci-lines:before, .penci-menuhbg-toggle:hover .penci-lines:after{ transform: translateX(28px); } .penci-menuhbg-toggle .lines-button.penci-hover-effect{ left: -28px; } .penci-menu-hbg-inner .penci-hbg_sitetitle{ font-size: 18px; } .penci-menu-hbg-inner .penci-hbg_desc{ font-size: 14px; } .penci-menu-hbg{ width: 330px; }.penci-menu-hbg.penci-menu-hbg-left{ transform: translateX(-330px); -webkit-transform: translateX(-330px); -moz-transform: translateX(-330px); }.penci-menu-hbg.penci-menu-hbg-right{ transform: translateX(330px); -webkit-transform: translateX(330px); -moz-transform: translateX(330px); }.penci-menuhbg-open .penci-menu-hbg.penci-menu-hbg-left, .penci-vernav-poleft.penci-menuhbg-open .penci-vernav-toggle{ left: 330px; }@media only screen and (min-width: 961px) { .penci-vernav-enable.penci-vernav-poleft .wrapper-boxed{ padding-left: 330px; } .penci-vernav-enable.penci-vernav-poright .wrapper-boxed{ padding-right: 330px; } .penci-vernav-enable .is-sticky #navigation{ width: calc(100% - 330px); } }@media only screen and (min-width: 961px) { .penci-vernav-enable .penci_is_nosidebar .wp-block-image.alignfull, .penci-vernav-enable .penci_is_nosidebar .wp-block-cover-image.alignfull, .penci-vernav-enable .penci_is_nosidebar .wp-block-cover.alignfull, .penci-vernav-enable .penci_is_nosidebar .wp-block-gallery.alignfull, .penci-vernav-enable .penci_is_nosidebar .alignfull{ margin-left: calc(50% - 50vw + 165px); width: calc(100vw - 330px); } }.penci-vernav-poright.penci-menuhbg-open .penci-vernav-toggle{ right: 330px; }@media only screen and (min-width: 961px) { .penci-vernav-enable.penci-vernav-poleft .penci-rltpopup-left{ left: 330px; } }@media only screen and (min-width: 961px) { .penci-vernav-enable.penci-vernav-poright .penci-rltpopup-right{ right: 330px; } }@media only screen and (max-width: 1500px) and (min-width: 961px) { .penci-vernav-enable .container { max-width: 100%; max-width: calc(100% - 30px); } .penci-vernav-enable .container.home-featured-boxes{ display: block; } .penci-vernav-enable .container.home-featured-boxes:before, .penci-vernav-enable .container.home-featured-boxes:after{ content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } } /* ===== TABLES ===== */ table, th, td { border: 1px solid black; border-collapse: collapse; } table.custom-table td { padding: 4px; } table.custom-table p { margin: 2px 0; } /* ===== ARCHIVES / PUBLICATION LISTS: FORCE COMPACT LIST LAYOUT ===== */ /* make each post a 2-column row */ body.archive section.grid-featured article.item, body.archive section.grid-featured article, body.archive .penci-grid article.item, body.tag section.grid-featured article.item, body.tag section.grid-featured article, body.tag .penci-grid article.item { display: flex !important; align-items: flex-start !important; gap: 24px !important; margin-bottom: 32px !important; } /* stop the featured block from behaving like a hero/banner */ body.archive .penci-featured-wrapper, body.archive .penci-grid-overlay, body.archive .penci-featured-content, body.archive .grid-header-box, body.tag .penci-featured-wrapper, body.tag .penci-grid-overlay, body.tag .penci-featured-content, body.tag .grid-header-box { position: static !important; display: block !important; width: auto !important; height: auto !important; background: none !important; } /* thumbnail column */ body.archive .thumbnail, body.archive .penci_post_thumb, body.archive .penci-thumb, body.archive .penci-image-holder, body.archive .penci-image-holder a, body.archive .penci-featured-thumbnail, body.tag .thumbnail, body.tag .penci_post_thumb, body.tag .penci-thumb, body.tag .penci-image-holder, body.tag .penci-image-holder a, body.tag .penci-featured-thumbnail { width: 260px !important; min-width: 260px !important; max-width: 260px !important; flex: 0 0 260px !important; margin: 0 !important; } /* image sizing */ body.archive .thumbnail img, body.archive .penci_post_thumb img, body.archive .penci-thumb img, body.archive .penci-image-holder img, body.archive .penci-featured-thumbnail img, body.archive article.item img, body.tag .thumbnail img, body.tag .penci_post_thumb img, body.tag .penci-thumb img, body.tag .penci-image-holder img, body.tag .penci-featured-thumbnail img, body.tag article.item img { width: 100% !important; height: auto !important; display: block !important; } /* text column */ body.archive .penci-featured-info, body.archive .item-content, body.archive .grid-header-box, body.archive .header-box, body.archive .entry-content, body.archive .penci-entry-media-none, body.tag .penci-featured-info, body.tag .item-content, body.tag .grid-header-box, body.tag .header-box, body.tag .entry-content, body.tag .penci-entry-media-none { flex: 1 1 auto !important; width: auto !important; max-width: none !important; margin: 0 !important; padding: 0 !important; text-align: left !important; } /* title */ body.archive .penci-entry-title, body.archive .entry-title, body.archive h2.penci-entry-title, body.archive .grid-title, body.archive .overlay-title, body.tag .penci-entry-title, body.tag .entry-title, body.tag h2.penci-entry-title, body.tag .grid-title, body.tag .overlay-title { margin: 0 0 10px 0 !important; font-size: 22px !important; line-height: 1.25 !important; text-align: left !important; } /* meta + excerpt */ body.archive .grid-post-box-meta, body.archive .entry-meta, body.archive .penci_post-meta, body.tag .grid-post-box-meta, body.tag .entry-meta, body.tag .penci_post-meta { margin: 0 0 10px 0 !important; text-align: left !important; } body.archive .item-content p, body.archive .penci-featured-info p, body.archive .entry-content p, body.archive .post-excerpt, body.archive .penci-post-excerpt, body.tag .item-content p, body.tag .penci-featured-info p, body.tag .entry-content p, body.tag .post-excerpt, body.tag .penci-post-excerpt { margin: 0 !important; font-size: 15px !important; line-height: 1.5 !important; text-align: left !important; } /* remove oversized first-post styling */ body.archive section.grid-featured:first-of-type, body.archive article.featured-layout, body.archive .featured-layout, body.tag section.grid-featured:first-of-type, body.tag article.featured-layout, body.tag .featured-layout { display: block !important; } body.archive article.featured-layout .penci-featured-wrapper, body.archive article.featured-layout .grid-header-box, body.tag article.featured-layout .penci-featured-wrapper, body.tag article.featured-layout .grid-header-box { display: block !important; } /* mobile */ @media (max-width: 768px) { body.archive section.grid-featured article.item, body.archive section.grid-featured article, body.archive .penci-grid article.item, body.tag section.grid-featured article.item, body.tag section.grid-featured article, body.tag .penci-grid article.item { display: block !important; } body.archive .thumbnail, body.archive .penci_post_thumb, body.archive .penci-thumb, body.archive .penci-image-holder, body.archive .penci-featured-thumbnail, body.tag .thumbnail, body.tag .penci_post_thumb, body.tag .penci-thumb, body.tag .penci-image-holder, body.tag .penci-featured-thumbnail { width: 100% !important; min-width: 0 !important; max-width: 100% !important; margin-bottom: 15px !important; } } /* ===== ARCHIVE PAGE TITLE COLOR ===== */ body.archive .archive-title, body.archive h1, body.archive .page-title, body.tag .archive-title, body.tag h1, body.tag .page-title { color: #02053b !important; } /* ===== POST TITLE HOVER COLOR ===== */ .penci-entry-title a:hover, .entry-title a:hover, h2 a:hover { color: #0176c1 !important; } /* ===== COVER IMAGE BOX ===== */ img.coverbox { border: 1px solid #d8d8d8; padding: 8px; background: #ffffff; box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.05); } /* Hide archive comment count everywhere */ body.archive .entry-meta [class*="comment"], body.archive .grid-post-box-meta [class*="comment"], body.archive .penci_post-meta [class*="comment"], body.archive .entry-meta a[href*="#respond"], body.archive .entry-meta a[href*="#comments"], body.archive .grid-post-box-meta a[href*="#respond"], body.archive .grid-post-box-meta a[href*="#comments"], body.archive .penci_post-meta a[href*="#respond"], body.archive .penci_post-meta a[href*="#comments"] { display: none !important; } /* ===== UNIFY ARCHIVE THUMBNAIL COLUMN WITHOUT HIDING IMAGES ===== */ /* same thumbnail width across archives */ body.archive .thumbnail, body.archive .penci_post_thumb, body.archive .penci-thumb, body.archive .penci-image-holder, body.archive .penci-image-holder a, body.archive .penci-featured-thumbnail, body.tag .thumbnail, body.tag .penci_post_thumb, body.tag .penci-thumb, body.tag .penci-image-holder, body.tag .penci-image-holder a, body.tag .penci-featured-thumbnail { width: 220px !important; min-width: 220px !important; max-width: 220px !important; flex: 0 0 220px !important; margin: 0 !important; } /* make normal img thumbnails behave */ body.archive .thumbnail img, body.archive .penci_post_thumb img, body.archive .penci-thumb img, body.archive .penci-featured-thumbnail img, body.tag .thumbnail img, body.tag .penci_post_thumb img, body.tag .penci-thumb img, body.tag .penci-featured-thumbnail img { width: 100% !important; height: auto !important; display: block !important; } /* make Soledad background-image holders display consistently */ body.archive .penci-image-holder, body.archive .penci-image-holder a, body.tag .penci-image-holder, body.tag .penci-image-holder a { background-size: cover !important; background-position: center center !important; background-repeat: no-repeat !important; min-height: 160px !important; } /* ===== SAFER ARCHIVE THUMBNAIL WIDTH NORMALIZATION ===== */ /* keep image column width consistent */ body.archive .thumbnail, body.archive .penci_post_thumb, body.archive .penci-thumb, body.archive .penci-image-holder, body.archive .penci-image-holder a, body.archive .penci-featured-thumbnail, body.tag .thumbnail, body.tag .penci_post_thumb, body.tag .penci-thumb, body.tag .penci-image-holder, body.tag .penci-image-holder a, body.tag .penci-featured-thumbnail { width: 220px !important; min-width: 220px !important; max-width: 220px !important; flex: 0 0 220px !important; margin: 0 !important; } /* normal image thumbnails */ body.archive .thumbnail img, body.archive .penci_post_thumb img, body.archive .penci-thumb img, body.archive .penci-featured-thumbnail img, body.tag .thumbnail img, body.tag .penci_post_thumb img, body.tag .penci-thumb img, body.tag .penci-featured-thumbnail img { width: 100% !important; height: auto !important; display: block !important; } /* Soledad background-image holders */ body.archive .penci-image-holder, body.archive .penci-image-holder a, body.archive .penci-featured-thumbnail, body.tag .penci-image-holder, body.tag .penci-image-holder a, body.tag .penci-featured-thumbnail { background-size: cover !important; background-position: center center !important; background-repeat: no-repeat !important; min-height: 140px !important; } .penci_header.penci-header-builder.main-builder-header{}.penci-header-image-logo,.penci-header-text-logo{--pchb-logo-slogan-color:#02053b;--pchb-logo-title-fw:bold;--pchb-logo-title-fs:normal;--pchb-logo-slogan-size:24px;--pchb-logo-slogan-font:"Arimo", "regular:italic:700:700italic", sans-serif;--pchb-logo-slogan-fw:bold;--pchb-logo-slogan-fs:normal;}.pc-logo-desktop.penci-header-image-logo img{max-height:200px;}@media only screen and (max-width: 767px){.penci_navbar_mobile .penci-header-image-logo img{}}.penci_builder_sticky_header_desktop .penci-header-image-logo img{}.penci_navbar_mobile .penci-header-text-logo{--pchb-m-logo-title-fw:bold;--pchb-m-logo-title-fs:normal;--pchb-m-logo-slogan-fw:bold;--pchb-m-logo-slogan-fs:normal;}.penci_navbar_mobile .penci-header-image-logo img{max-height:60px;}.penci_navbar_mobile .sticky-enable .penci-header-image-logo 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20px;background-color:#2196f3;color:#ffffff;}.penci-builder.penci-builder-button.button-1:hover{}.penci-builder.penci-builder-button.button-2{}.penci-builder.penci-builder-button.button-2:hover{}.penci-builder.penci-builder-button.button-3{}.penci-builder.penci-builder-button.button-3:hover{}.penci-builder.penci-builder-button.button-mobile-1{}.penci-builder.penci-builder-button.button-mobile-1:hover{}.penci-builder.penci-builder-button.button-2{}.penci-builder.penci-builder-button.button-2:hover{}.penci-builder-mobile-sidebar-nav.penci-menu-hbg{border-width:0;border-style:solid;}.pc-builder-menu.pc-dropdown-menu{--pchb-dd-lv1:13px;--pchb-dd-lv2:12px;}.penci-header-builder .pc-builder-element.pc-second-menu{margin-left: 20px;}.penci-mobile-midbar{border-bottom-width: 1px;}.pc-builder-element.penci-top-search .search-click{color:#02053b}.pc-builder-element.penci-top-search .search-click:hover{color:#0176c1}.penci-builder-element.penci-data-time-format{color:#ffffff}.pc-builder-element.pc-main-menu .navigation .menu > li > a,.pc-builder-element.pc-main-menu .navigation ul.menu ul.sub-menu a{color:#02053b}.pc-builder-element.pc-main-menu .navigation .menu > li > a:hover,.pc-builder-element.pc-main-menu .navigation .menu > li:hover > a,.pc-builder-element.pc-main-menu .navigation ul.menu ul.sub-menu a:hover{color:#0176c1}.pc-builder-element.pc-main-menu .navigation .menu li.current-menu-item > a,.pc-builder-element.pc-main-menu .navigation .menu > li.current_page_item > a,.pc-builder-element.pc-main-menu .navigation .menu > li.current-menu-ancestor > a,.pc-builder-element.pc-main-menu .navigation .menu > li.current-menu-item > a{color:#0176c1}.pc-builder-element.pc-builder-menu.pc-main-menu .navigation ul.menu > li > a:before, .pc-builder-element.pc-builder-menu.pc-main-menu .navigation .menu > ul.sub-menu > li > 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                             <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/miroslav-svoboda/" title="Posts by Miroslav Svoboda" class="author url fn" rel="author">Miroslav Svoboda</a>, <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/michael-fanta/" title="Posts by Michael Fanta" class="author url fn" rel="author">Michael Fanta</a> and <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/jan-mosovsky/" title="Posts by Jan Mošovský" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jan Mošovský</a>                        </span>
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                                     <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/miroslav-svoboda/" title="Posts by Miroslav Svoboda" class="author url fn" rel="author">Miroslav Svoboda</a>, <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/michael-fanta/" title="Posts by Michael Fanta" class="author url fn" rel="author">Michael Fanta</a> and <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/jan-mosovsky/" title="Posts by Jan Mošovský" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jan Mošovský</a>                                </span>
														                                <span class="otherl-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-09-07T10:24:33+00:00">September 7, 2023</time></span>
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						<p>WP 2023-05. Executive Summary This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of car scrappage schemes implemented in the European Union (EU) during the economic crisis of 2009. The study uses&hellip;</p>
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