IREF Europe

Monetary Policy Transmission and Bank Resilience in Germany

2026-05-25T13:01:55Z

Monetary policy changes the stability of German banks differently based on their ownership and business goals. Existing literature shows that monetary policies stabilize markets but can also encourage institutions to…

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The Geography of Central Bank Research

2026-05-13T11:58:24Z

Central banks influence economic debate through research and citations. This paper studies whether citation patterns reflect past colonial ties or present currency hierarchies. Using a bibliometric dataset of 334,750 economics…

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Inflation: the worst of all taxes

2026-05-10T15:21:57Z

Milton Friedman is often quoted as having said something to the effect that inflation is taxation without legislation on multiple occasions during his career (cf. for example Friedman and Friedman…

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Eurozone: Convergence or Divergence?

2026-04-17T17:41:27Z

We revisit the euro’s promise of convergence through a new Divergence Monitor tracking business and financial cycle synchronization since the 1980s. Business cycles became more aligned after 1999, but financial…

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10th Austrian Economics Meeting Europe

2026-04-17T15:28:02Z

The 10th Austrian Economics Meeting Europe will take place at the Université Catholique de l’Ouest (UCO) in Angers (France) from May 28–30, 2026. The conference brings together scholars working in…

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How Poland Became One of Europe’s Best-Performing Economies

2026-02-27T22:24:15Z

For much of the past decade, Europe has been weighed down by prolonged economic stagnation. Growth has slowed, productivity has stalled, and even the continent’s largest economies—Germany and France among…

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Who pays and who should pay for travel?

2026-02-24T06:22:13Z

As the story goes, there are no free rides. The costs of each journey must necessarily be borne by someone. They can be broken down into three categories: the monetary…

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Trump’s Housing Plan Misses the Real Cause of America’s Housing Crisis

2026-02-20T04:43:29Z

America’s housing market is failing a growing share of households. Prices and rents are at record highs, and homeownership is steadily slipping out of reach for younger generations. In response…

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UK government’s plans to track and de-risk its own ‘shadow debt’ show the costs of the Net Zero transition will be imposed directly onto businesses and consumers

2026-02-17T06:32:19Z

Introduction The UK Budget papers of November 2025 acknowledge the funding models through which the government plans to increase the liabilities of UK taxpayers, beyond the government borrowing the money…

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EU–Mercosur: The Making of One of the World’s Largest Free Trade Zones

2026-02-13T04:30:14Z

For more than two decades, the EU–Mercosur agreement remained out of reach—endlessly negotiated, periodically revived, and repeatedly declared dead. Since its launch in 1999, it has weathered financial crises, political…

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