Central Bank Archives - IREF Europe https://en.irefeurope.org/tag/central-bank/ Independent research and policy analysis on fiscal, monetary, and regulatory issues in Europe Wed, 13 May 2026 11:58:24 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=7.1.2 https://en.irefeurope.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2026/04/IREF-LinkedIn-Profile-DarkBlue-scaled.png Central Bank Archives - IREF Europe https://en.irefeurope.org/tag/central-bank/ 32 32 The Geography of Central Bank Research https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/working-paper-series/article/the-geography-of-central-bank-research/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=the-geography-of-central-bank-research Wed, 13 May 2026 11:54:19 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=36791 Central banks influence economic debate through research and citations. This paper studies whether citation patterns reflect past colonial ties or present currency hierarchies. Using a bibliometric dataset of 334,750 economics…

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]]> Why Trump’s War on the Fed Is Monetary Populism at Its Worst https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/why-trumps-war-on-the-fed-is-monetary-populism-at-its-worst/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=why-trumps-war-on-the-fed-is-monetary-populism-at-its-worst https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/why-trumps-war-on-the-fed-is-monetary-populism-at-its-worst/#respond Wed, 15 Oct 2025 03:55:08 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=36052 Since returning to office in January 2025, President Donald Trump has made the Federal Reserve a central target of his presidency. At first, there were hints of serious reform, including…

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]]> https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/why-trumps-war-on-the-fed-is-monetary-populism-at-its-worst/feed/ 0 Release of German Debt Brake eliminates the support behind the euro https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/release-of-german-debt-brake-eliminates-the-support-behind-the-euro/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=release-of-german-debt-brake-eliminates-the-support-behind-the-euro https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/release-of-german-debt-brake-eliminates-the-support-behind-the-euro/#respond Wed, 02 Apr 2025 03:42:10 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=35824 Introduction Germany, by releasing its Debt Brake and borrowing more itself, will use up the capacity the markets rely on to bail out the euro. Markets complacently believe the €1.5…

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]]> https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/release-of-german-debt-brake-eliminates-the-support-behind-the-euro/feed/ 0 The European Central Bank’s capital is now negative! https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/the-european-central-banks-capital-is-now-negative/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=the-european-central-banks-capital-is-now-negative https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/the-european-central-banks-capital-is-now-negative/#respond Wed, 05 Mar 2025 04:30:07 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=35789 Introduction The European Central Bank (ECB) issued its 2024 annual report on 20th February and revealed that it now has negative capital.1 What with the German elections delivering a stalemate,…

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]]> https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/the-european-central-banks-capital-is-now-negative/feed/ 0 Can Central Banks Enforce Net Zero Goals? https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/iref-newsletter/article/can-central-banks-enforce-net-zero-goals/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=can-central-banks-enforce-net-zero-goals https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/iref-newsletter/article/can-central-banks-enforce-net-zero-goals/#respond Wed, 11 Dec 2024 05:36:24 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=35722 European regulators have focused on climate change.  Specifically, the mandating of a ‘green transition’ requiring a rapid take-up of electric vehicles, ending of the sale of petrol and diesel vehicles,…

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]]> https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/iref-newsletter/article/can-central-banks-enforce-net-zero-goals/feed/ 0 China’s loosening of monetary policy is so small it could be missed but it both apes the mistakes of other central banks, and breaks the global agreements it has made with them https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/chinas-loosening-of-monetary-policy-is-so-small-it-could-be-missed-but-it-both-apes-the-mistakes-of-other-central-banks-and-breaks-the-global-agreements-it-has-made-with-them/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=chinas-loosening-of-monetary-policy-is-so-small-it-could-be-missed-but-it-both-apes-the-mistakes-of-other-central-banks-and-breaks-the-global-agreements-it-has-made-with-them https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/chinas-loosening-of-monetary-policy-is-so-small-it-could-be-missed-but-it-both-apes-the-mistakes-of-other-central-banks-and-breaks-the-global-agreements-it-has-made-with-them/#respond Wed, 06 Nov 2024 05:47:27 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=35693 Introduction In September, the Chinese authorities announced a package of measures to stop the fall in real estate prices, encourage investment in assets other than real estate, and bolster share…

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]]> https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/chinas-loosening-of-monetary-policy-is-so-small-it-could-be-missed-but-it-both-apes-the-mistakes-of-other-central-banks-and-breaks-the-global-agreements-it-has-made-with-them/feed/ 0 Taxpayer bailouts of central banks and after the Global Financial Crisis https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/taxpayer-bailouts-of-central-banks-and-after-the-global-financial-crisis/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=taxpayer-bailouts-of-central-banks-and-after-the-global-financial-crisis https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/taxpayer-bailouts-of-central-banks-and-after-the-global-financial-crisis/#respond Wed, 05 Jun 2024 03:41:13 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=35505 Introduction Governments made major interventions to shore up the financial system during the Global Financial Crisis, which lasted from 2007 until the end of the Eurozone crisis in 2012. These…

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]]> https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/taxpayer-bailouts-of-central-banks-and-after-the-global-financial-crisis/feed/ 0 Bank of England makes the case for taxpayer bailouts of central banks: it’s mandatory https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/bank-of-england-makes-the-case-for-taxpayer-bailouts-of-central-banks-its-mandatory/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=bank-of-england-makes-the-case-for-taxpayer-bailouts-of-central-banks-its-mandatory https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/bank-of-england-makes-the-case-for-taxpayer-bailouts-of-central-banks-its-mandatory/#comments Wed, 17 Apr 2024 04:07:26 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=35447 Introduction The Bank of England has taken the lead amongst the world’s central banks in issuing a working paper about how central banks can replenish their capital, now that they…

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]]> https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/bank-of-england-makes-the-case-for-taxpayer-bailouts-of-central-banks-its-mandatory/feed/ 1 CBDCs: the hottest topic in central banking. What form of Central Bank Digital Euro should the ECB Launch? https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/iref-newsletter/article/cbdcs-the-hottest-topic-in-central-banking-what-form-of-central-bank-digital-euro-should-the-ecb-launch/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=cbdcs-the-hottest-topic-in-central-banking-what-form-of-central-bank-digital-euro-should-the-ecb-launch https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/iref-newsletter/article/cbdcs-the-hottest-topic-in-central-banking-what-form-of-central-bank-digital-euro-should-the-ecb-launch/#respond Wed, 20 Mar 2024 06:40:54 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=35416 Introduction – 130 Central Banks have CBDC Projects Since we last reported on the ECB’s thinking about CBDCs1, multiple central banks have undertaken research in designing, operating and selling CBDCs.…

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]]> https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/iref-newsletter/article/cbdcs-the-hottest-topic-in-central-banking-what-form-of-central-bank-digital-euro-should-the-ecb-launch/feed/ 0 The Outlook for Europe’s banks and economies in the light of Money Supply Increases and potential Reductions https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/iref-newsletter/article/the-outlook-for-europes-banks-and-economies-in-the-light-of-money-supply-increases-and-potential-reductions/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=the-outlook-for-europes-banks-and-economies-in-the-light-of-money-supply-increases-and-potential-reductions https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/iref-newsletter/article/the-outlook-for-europes-banks-and-economies-in-the-light-of-money-supply-increases-and-potential-reductions/#respond Wed, 22 Nov 2023 05:27:19 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=35290 Followers of US monetary policy are raising concerns about the consequences of the Federal Reserve’s efforts to reverse the 17% growth in the money supply (M21) in the two-year period…

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]]> https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/iref-newsletter/article/the-outlook-for-europes-banks-and-economies-in-the-light-of-money-supply-increases-and-potential-reductions/feed/ 0