Digital Archives - IREF Europe https://en.irefeurope.org/tag/digital/ Independent research and policy analysis on fiscal, monetary, and regulatory issues in Europe Sat, 18 Apr 2026 15:26:29 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=7.1.2 https://en.irefeurope.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2026/04/IREF-LinkedIn-Profile-DarkBlue-scaled.png Digital Archives - IREF Europe https://en.irefeurope.org/tag/digital/ 32 32 CBDCs: the hottest topic in central banking. What form of Central Bank Digital Euro should the ECB Launch? https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/iref-newsletter/article/cbdcs-the-hottest-topic-in-central-banking-what-form-of-central-bank-digital-euro-should-the-ecb-launch/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=cbdcs-the-hottest-topic-in-central-banking-what-form-of-central-bank-digital-euro-should-the-ecb-launch https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/iref-newsletter/article/cbdcs-the-hottest-topic-in-central-banking-what-form-of-central-bank-digital-euro-should-the-ecb-launch/#respond Wed, 20 Mar 2024 06:40:54 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=35416 Introduction – 130 Central Banks have CBDC Projects Since we last reported on the ECB’s thinking about CBDCs1, multiple central banks have undertaken research in designing, operating and selling CBDCs.…

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]]> https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/iref-newsletter/article/cbdcs-the-hottest-topic-in-central-banking-what-form-of-central-bank-digital-euro-should-the-ecb-launch/feed/ 0 Why is the European Chips Act doomed to fail? https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/why-is-the-european-chips-act-doomed-to-fail/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=why-is-the-european-chips-act-doomed-to-fail https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/why-is-the-european-chips-act-doomed-to-fail/#comments Wed, 15 Nov 2023 12:29:26 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=35283 In the past, Europe held a prominent position in the semiconductor industry, accounting for 44% of the global chip market share. However, soon after the turn of this century, manufacturers…

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]]> https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/why-is-the-european-chips-act-doomed-to-fail/feed/ 2 Central banks should be wobbling in their drive towards Central Bank Digital Currencies https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/central-banks-should-be-wobbling-in-their-drive-towards-central-bank-digital-currencies/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=central-banks-should-be-wobbling-in-their-drive-towards-central-bank-digital-currencies https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/central-banks-should-be-wobbling-in-their-drive-towards-central-bank-digital-currencies/#respond Wed, 07 Jun 2023 07:07:13 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=35116 Introduction Central banks have undertaken many investigations, pilots and proofs-of-concept into Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs), proving little beyond the lack of a convincing case in their favour, but unearthing…

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]]> https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/central-banks-should-be-wobbling-in-their-drive-towards-central-bank-digital-currencies/feed/ 0 AI and the labour market https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/ai-and-the-labour-market/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=ai-and-the-labour-market https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/ai-and-the-labour-market/#respond Wed, 31 May 2023 06:36:42 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=35101 Artificial Intelligence (AI) will soon become a major force in the economy, affecting nearly all aspects of production and consumption as well as the labour market. Many jobs which in…

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]]> https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/ai-and-the-labour-market/feed/ 0 Digital Payments Leave Major Debris for Customers and Legislators to Clear Up https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/digital-payments-leave-major-debris-for-customers-and-legislators-to-clear-up/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=digital-payments-leave-major-debris-for-customers-and-legislators-to-clear-up https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/digital-payments-leave-major-debris-for-customers-and-legislators-to-clear-up/#respond Wed, 07 Dec 2022 08:19:59 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=34748 Cost, inconvenience and fraud have been increased for consumer and business users on their ‘digital payments journey’.1 Current plans for the introduction into the UK of a Central Bank Digital…

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]]> https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/digital-payments-leave-major-debris-for-customers-and-legislators-to-clear-up/feed/ 0 Reframing the Debate on Online Speech: The Search for Ideological Coherence and Sound Ideological Grounds Between Freedom of Expression, ‘Economic Speech’ and Freedom to Conduct a Business https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/working-paper-series/article/reframing-the-debate-on-online-speech-the-search-for-ideological-coherence-and-sound-ideological-grounds-between-freedom-of-expression-economic-speech-and-freedom-to-conduct-a-busi/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=reframing-the-debate-on-online-speech-the-search-for-ideological-coherence-and-sound-ideological-grounds-between-freedom-of-expression-economic-speech-and-freedom-to-conduct-a-busi https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/working-paper-series/article/reframing-the-debate-on-online-speech-the-search-for-ideological-coherence-and-sound-ideological-grounds-between-freedom-of-expression-economic-speech-and-freedom-to-conduct-a-busi/#respond Sat, 01 Oct 2022 18:50:48 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=34659 WP 2022-10. Executive Summary There is already a vast literature on the freedom to express one’s thoughts online. Most of this body of work, however, even analyses based on apparently…

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]]> https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/working-paper-series/article/reframing-the-debate-on-online-speech-the-search-for-ideological-coherence-and-sound-ideological-grounds-between-freedom-of-expression-economic-speech-and-freedom-to-conduct-a-busi/feed/ 0 Digital Authoritarianism is on the rise: The threat to the U.S Data freedom approach https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/digital-authoritarianism-is-on-the-rise-the-threat-to-the-u-s-data-freedom-approach/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=digital-authoritarianism-is-on-the-rise-the-threat-to-the-u-s-data-freedom-approach https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/digital-authoritarianism-is-on-the-rise-the-threat-to-the-u-s-data-freedom-approach/#respond Wed, 28 Sep 2022 13:04:04 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=34652 When the Internet became commercially available at the end of the 20th century, people thought it would be a powerful tool that would favour democracy worldwide. Consistent with the free-market…

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