regulation Archives - IREF Europe https://en.irefeurope.org/tag/regulation/ Independent research and policy analysis on fiscal, monetary, and regulatory issues in Europe Tue, 24 Feb 2026 06:22:13 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.9.4 https://en.irefeurope.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2026/04/IREF-LinkedIn-Profile-DarkBlue-scaled.png regulation Archives - IREF Europe https://en.irefeurope.org/tag/regulation/ 32 32 Who pays and who should pay for travel? https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/who-pays-and-who-should-pay-for-travel/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=who-pays-and-who-should-pay-for-travel https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/who-pays-and-who-should-pay-for-travel/#respond Tue, 24 Feb 2026 06:22:13 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=36250 As the story goes, there are no free rides. The costs of each journey must necessarily be borne by someone. They can be broken down into three categories: the monetary…

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]]> https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/who-pays-and-who-should-pay-for-travel/feed/ 0 Venezuela Is Not a Victim of Sanctions—It’s a Victim of Its Own Policies https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/venezuela-is-not-a-victim-of-sanctions-its-a-victim-of-its-own-policies/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=venezuela-is-not-a-victim-of-sanctions-its-a-victim-of-its-own-policies https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/venezuela-is-not-a-victim-of-sanctions-its-a-victim-of-its-own-policies/#respond Wed, 04 Feb 2026 05:26:01 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=36217 Few economic collapses in modern history have been as dramatic, prolonged, and devastating as Venezuela’s. Once the wealthiest country in Latin America, endowed with the world’s largest proven oil reserves,…

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]]> https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/venezuela-is-not-a-victim-of-sanctions-its-a-victim-of-its-own-policies/feed/ 0 The UK’s November 2025 Budget and ‘Securonomics’ https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/the-uks-november-2025-budget-and-securonomics/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=the-uks-november-2025-budget-and-securonomics https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/the-uks-november-2025-budget-and-securonomics/#respond Wed, 28 Jan 2026 04:42:49 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=36208 Introduction The UK government’s November 2025 Budget supplied ample corroboration of our report published by IREF in October 2025 (‘the report’), showing that the governing Labour Party plans to greatly…

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]]> https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/the-uks-november-2025-budget-and-securonomics/feed/ 0 The ban of the ban on new thermal cars: a cure worse than the disease? https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/the-ban-of-the-ban-on-new-thermal-cars-a-cure-worse-than-the-disease/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=the-ban-of-the-ban-on-new-thermal-cars-a-cure-worse-than-the-disease https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/the-ban-of-the-ban-on-new-thermal-cars-a-cure-worse-than-the-disease/#respond Wed, 07 Jan 2026 05:42:01 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=36187 The widely circulated news that the EU is backtracking on the ban on selling cars with internal combustion engines in 2035 is greatly exaggerated. Rather than a U-turn, it’s more…

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]]> https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/the-ban-of-the-ban-on-new-thermal-cars-a-cure-worse-than-the-disease/feed/ 0 Land consumption in the EU: too much or too little? https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/land-consumption-in-the-eu-too-much-or-too-little/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=land-consumption-in-the-eu-too-much-or-too-little https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/land-consumption-in-the-eu-too-much-or-too-little/#respond Wed, 12 Nov 2025 16:35:35 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=36105 The long run is a misleading guide to current affairs. ‘In the long run we are all dead,’ wrote John Maynard Keynes in 1923. The statement seems well-suited to the…

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]]> https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/land-consumption-in-the-eu-too-much-or-too-little/feed/ 0 UK plans to melt the protections against the taxpayer bailing out banks again https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/uk-plans-to-melt-the-protections-against-the-taxpayer-bailing-out-banks-again/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=uk-plans-to-melt-the-protections-against-the-taxpayer-bailing-out-banks-again https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/uk-plans-to-melt-the-protections-against-the-taxpayer-bailing-out-banks-again/#respond Wed, 30 Jul 2025 03:24:04 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=35985 Introduction On 15th July, the UK Chancellor of the Exchequer, Rachel Reeves, delivered a keynote annual address to the City of London (known as the Mansion House speech) in which…

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]]> https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/uk-plans-to-melt-the-protections-against-the-taxpayer-bailing-out-banks-again/feed/ 0 Trump’s Shipbuilding Revival Plan: How His Maritime Vision Is Anchored in Flawed Policy https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/trumps-shipbuilding-revival-plan-how-his-maritime-vision-is-anchored-in-flawed-policy/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=trumps-shipbuilding-revival-plan-how-his-maritime-vision-is-anchored-in-flawed-policy https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/trumps-shipbuilding-revival-plan-how-his-maritime-vision-is-anchored-in-flawed-policy/#respond Wed, 25 Jun 2025 03:44:18 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=35920 Blaming China for America’s economic woes has become a bipartisan habit, and shipbuilding is the latest target. In 2024, U.S. labor unions filed a Section 301 petition accusing China of…

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]]> https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/trumps-shipbuilding-revival-plan-how-his-maritime-vision-is-anchored-in-flawed-policy/feed/ 0 The Recent Rise of Minimum Wages Across the U.S.: Who Really Pays the Price? https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/the-recent-rise-of-minimum-wages-across-the-u-s-who-really-pays-the-price/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=the-recent-rise-of-minimum-wages-across-the-u-s-who-really-pays-the-price https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/the-recent-rise-of-minimum-wages-across-the-u-s-who-really-pays-the-price/#respond Wed, 04 Jun 2025 03:39:09 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=35900 For the first time in over a decade, momentum is building in the United States to raise the federal minimum wage. On April 8, 2025, lawmakers in Congress introduced the…

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]]> https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/the-recent-rise-of-minimum-wages-across-the-u-s-who-really-pays-the-price/feed/ 0 Global Trade Under Siege: The Threat of Trump’s Second-Term Trade Strategy https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/global-trade-under-siege-the-threat-of-trumps-second-term-trade-strategy/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=global-trade-under-siege-the-threat-of-trumps-second-term-trade-strategy https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/global-trade-under-siege-the-threat-of-trumps-second-term-trade-strategy/#respond Wed, 08 Jan 2025 04:43:02 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=35742 As Donald Trump prepares to return to the White House, his proposed trade policies threaten to unleash economic chaos that could devastate American consumers, businesses and the global economic order.…

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]]> https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/global-trade-under-siege-the-threat-of-trumps-second-term-trade-strategy/feed/ 0 While Others Innovate, Europe Regulates https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/while-others-innovate-europe-regulates/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=while-others-innovate-europe-regulates https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/online-articles/article/while-others-innovate-europe-regulates/#respond Wed, 27 Nov 2024 05:17:21 +0000 https://en.irefeurope.org/?p=35713 The United States and China have been investing large amounts of capital in artificial intelligence (AI) for years, with many of the resulting applications being in the military domain. The…

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