Companies & Regulation

Introduction The UK government’s November 2025 Budget supplied ample corroboration of our report published by IREF in October 2025 (‘the report’), showing that the governing Labour Party plans to greatly…

For decades, America’s dominance in technology has rested on a simple but powerful principle: permissionless innovation—the idea that individuals and companies are free to build and experiment without first seeking…

We have witnessed a food delivery boom in the last decade, yet one such system has operated successfully for over 130 years. In Mumbai, India, five thousand delivery men distribute…

Taxes and tariffs are—unsurprisingly—a major topic for economists. On one hand, they generate huge inefficiencies, deadweight losses, and perverse incentives; on the other hand, they reveal the fascinating creativity with…

In 1825,  the first public railway line from Stockton and Darlington in the UK was opened to traffic. For more than half a century, there was a vigorous development of…

The European Union has long positioned itself as a global climate leader, promoting policies to cut emissions and enhance sustainability. One of its latest initiatives, the ReFuelEU Aviation regulation, mandates…

Introduction The measures taken by the UK’s Labour Party since taking office in July 2024 will appear bizarre to most economists. They are based on a cluster of theories that…

  The European debate Last March, the European Parliament approved new rules on the weight and size of trucks: the total weight of single vehicles is now 44 tons (it…

As public awareness of AI and machine learning technologies has grown, so has the demand for ethical safeguards and increased transparency. In response, the European Parliament introduced the AI Act,…

Cars are bad. More cars mean more accidents, pollution, climate change and congestion. Less cars are the way to go, whatever it takes. Or so the story goes. In 1999…