WP 2023-05. Executive Summary This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of car scrappage schemes implemented in the European Union (EU) during the economic crisis of 2009. The study uses…
EU
EU Energy Markets: Are there any market failures out there to be fixed?
This important topic will be discussed in a talk by the IREF scholar Patricia Commun. Register here for an insightful discussion. The event will take place at the Anglo-American University…
Background Since December 2020, Azerbaijan exports natural gas to Europe via three interconnected pipelines – the South Caucasus (Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum or BTE, operating since 2006), the Trans-Anatolian (TANAP, Erzurum-Eskişehir, inaugurated in…
This time is not about the size, shape and texture of peas or plums. It’s about one of the main economic sector in the EU: about 13 million Europeans work…
At the end of the 19th century, Europe was a global powerhouse of innovation. It is where the Industrial Revolution and the Great Enrichment began. Yet, today it is clearly lagging…
Digital Payments Leave Major Debris for Customers and Legislators to Clear Up
Cost, inconvenience and fraud have been increased for consumer and business users on their ‘digital payments journey’.1 Current plans for the introduction into the UK of a Central Bank Digital…
In previous years, the transfers of data have been a tug of war between the EU and the US. At the beginning, companies depended on an agreement known as the…
In January 2021 the UK left the EU single market and customs union, but, only eighteenth months on, some within Boris Johnson’s own party are starting to have second thoughts…
A short presentation of IREF ‘Yearbook on Taxation in Europe’ Series
Among the many ways to understand the climate of opinion and the culture of a country, looking at its fiscal system is one of the most rewarding. Sure, fiscal systems almost always rhyme with complexity; each system bearing the weight of its history. But the attempts to change the system, to give it a new direction, are highly instructive.
The more freedom, the better the assessments ! That are the global conclusions of Sylvain Charat, Ph.D when comparing the European data base on school systems Eurydice and the OECD…