EU

In the past, Europe held a prominent position in the semiconductor industry, accounting for 44% of the global chip market share. However, soon after the turn of this century, manufacturers…

Introduction The European Stability Mechanism (ESM) will now be backstop-of-last-resort to the Eurozone banking system, in addition to backstopping the Eurozone member states and the currency itself. Its resources have…

WP 2023-05. Executive Summary This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of car scrappage schemes implemented in the European Union (EU) during the economic crisis of 2009. The study uses…

This important topic will be discussed in a talk by the IREF scholar Patricia Commun. Register here for an insightful discussion. The event will take place at the Anglo-American University…

Background Since December 2020, Azerbaijan exports natural gas to Europe via three interconnected pipelines – the South Caucasus (Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum or BTE, operating since 2006), the Trans-Anatolian (TANAP, Erzurum-Eskişehir, inaugurated in…

This time is not about the size, shape and texture of peas or plums. It’s about one of the main economic sector in the EU: about 13 million Europeans work…

At the end of the 19th century, Europe was a global powerhouse of innovation. It is where the Industrial Revolution and the Great Enrichment began. Yet, today it is clearly lagging…

Cost, inconvenience and fraud have been increased for consumer and business users on their ‘digital payments journey’.1 Current plans for the introduction into the UK of a Central Bank Digital…

In previous years, the transfers of data have been a tug of war between the EU and the US. At the beginning, companies depended on an agreement known as the…

In January 2021 the UK left the EU single market and customs union, but, only eighteenth months on, some within Boris Johnson’s own party are starting to have second thoughts…