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.woocommerce .woocommerce-message:before, .woocommerce form.checkout table.shop_table .order-total .amount, .woocommerce ul.products li.product .price ins, .woocommerce ul.products li.product .price, .woocommerce div.product p.price ins, .woocommerce div.product span.price ins, .woocommerce div.product p.price, .woocommerce div.product .entry-summary div[itemprop="description"] blockquote:before, .woocommerce div.product .woocommerce-tabs #tab-description blockquote:before, .woocommerce div.product .entry-summary div[itemprop="description"] blockquote cite, .woocommerce div.product .entry-summary div[itemprop="description"] blockquote .author, .woocommerce div.product .woocommerce-tabs #tab-description blockquote cite, .woocommerce div.product .woocommerce-tabs #tab-description blockquote .author, .woocommerce div.product .product_meta > span a:hover, .woocommerce div.product .woocommerce-tabs ul.tabs li.active, .woocommerce ul.cart_list li .amount, .woocommerce ul.product_list_widget 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.pcdark-mode div.wpforms-container .wpforms-form.wpforms-form button[type=submit], .pcdark-mode div.wpforms-container .wpforms-form.wpforms-form .wpforms-page-button, .pcdark-mode .mc4wp-form input[type=submit]{ color: #ffffff; } .wp-block-search .wp-block-search__button svg{ fill: #ffffff; } .home-featured-cat-content .mag-photo .mag-overlay-photo { opacity: ; } .home-featured-cat-content .mag-photo:hover .mag-overlay-photo { opacity: ; } .inner-item-portfolio:hover .penci-portfolio-thumbnail a:after { opacity: ; } .penci-menuhbg-toggle { width: 18px; } .penci-menuhbg-toggle .penci-menuhbg-inner { height: 18px; } .penci-menuhbg-toggle .penci-lines, .penci-menuhbg-wapper{ width: 18px; } .penci-menuhbg-toggle .lines-button{ top: 8px; } .penci-menuhbg-toggle .penci-lines:before{ top: 5px; } .penci-menuhbg-toggle .penci-lines:after{ top: -5px; } .penci-menuhbg-toggle:hover .lines-button:after, .penci-menuhbg-toggle:hover .penci-lines:before, .penci-menuhbg-toggle:hover .penci-lines:after{ transform: translateX(28px); } .penci-menuhbg-toggle .lines-button.penci-hover-effect{ left: -28px; } .penci-menu-hbg-inner .penci-hbg_sitetitle{ font-size: 18px; } .penci-menu-hbg-inner .penci-hbg_desc{ font-size: 14px; } .penci-menu-hbg{ width: 330px; }.penci-menu-hbg.penci-menu-hbg-left{ transform: translateX(-330px); -webkit-transform: translateX(-330px); -moz-transform: translateX(-330px); }.penci-menu-hbg.penci-menu-hbg-right{ transform: translateX(330px); -webkit-transform: translateX(330px); -moz-transform: translateX(330px); }.penci-menuhbg-open .penci-menu-hbg.penci-menu-hbg-left, .penci-vernav-poleft.penci-menuhbg-open .penci-vernav-toggle{ left: 330px; }@media only screen and (min-width: 961px) { .penci-vernav-enable.penci-vernav-poleft .wrapper-boxed{ padding-left: 330px; } .penci-vernav-enable.penci-vernav-poright .wrapper-boxed{ padding-right: 330px; } .penci-vernav-enable .is-sticky #navigation{ width: calc(100% - 330px); } }@media only screen and (min-width: 961px) { .penci-vernav-enable .penci_is_nosidebar .wp-block-image.alignfull, .penci-vernav-enable .penci_is_nosidebar .wp-block-cover-image.alignfull, .penci-vernav-enable .penci_is_nosidebar .wp-block-cover.alignfull, .penci-vernav-enable .penci_is_nosidebar .wp-block-gallery.alignfull, .penci-vernav-enable .penci_is_nosidebar .alignfull{ margin-left: calc(50% - 50vw + 165px); width: calc(100vw - 330px); } }.penci-vernav-poright.penci-menuhbg-open .penci-vernav-toggle{ right: 330px; }@media only screen and (min-width: 961px) { .penci-vernav-enable.penci-vernav-poleft .penci-rltpopup-left{ left: 330px; } }@media only screen and (min-width: 961px) { .penci-vernav-enable.penci-vernav-poright .penci-rltpopup-right{ right: 330px; } }@media only screen and (max-width: 1500px) and (min-width: 961px) { .penci-vernav-enable .container { max-width: 100%; max-width: calc(100% - 30px); } .penci-vernav-enable .container.home-featured-boxes{ display: block; } .penci-vernav-enable .container.home-featured-boxes:before, .penci-vernav-enable .container.home-featured-boxes:after{ content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } } /* ===== TABLES ===== */ table, th, td { border: 1px solid black; border-collapse: collapse; } table.custom-table td { padding: 4px; } table.custom-table p { margin: 2px 0; } /* ===== ARCHIVES / PUBLICATION LISTS: FORCE COMPACT LIST LAYOUT ===== */ /* make each post a 2-column row */ body.archive section.grid-featured article.item, body.archive section.grid-featured article, body.archive .penci-grid article.item, body.tag section.grid-featured article.item, body.tag section.grid-featured article, body.tag .penci-grid article.item { display: flex !important; align-items: flex-start !important; gap: 24px !important; margin-bottom: 32px !important; } /* stop the featured block from behaving like a hero/banner */ body.archive .penci-featured-wrapper, body.archive .penci-grid-overlay, body.archive .penci-featured-content, body.archive .grid-header-box, body.tag .penci-featured-wrapper, body.tag .penci-grid-overlay, body.tag .penci-featured-content, body.tag .grid-header-box { position: static !important; display: block !important; width: auto !important; height: auto !important; background: none !important; } /* thumbnail column */ body.archive .thumbnail, body.archive .penci_post_thumb, body.archive .penci-thumb, body.archive .penci-image-holder, body.archive .penci-image-holder a, body.archive .penci-featured-thumbnail, body.tag .thumbnail, body.tag .penci_post_thumb, body.tag .penci-thumb, body.tag .penci-image-holder, body.tag .penci-image-holder a, body.tag .penci-featured-thumbnail { width: 260px !important; min-width: 260px !important; max-width: 260px !important; flex: 0 0 260px !important; margin: 0 !important; } /* image sizing */ body.archive .thumbnail img, body.archive .penci_post_thumb img, body.archive .penci-thumb img, body.archive .penci-image-holder img, body.archive .penci-featured-thumbnail img, body.archive article.item img, body.tag .thumbnail img, body.tag .penci_post_thumb img, body.tag .penci-thumb img, body.tag .penci-image-holder img, body.tag .penci-featured-thumbnail img, body.tag article.item img { width: 100% !important; height: auto !important; display: block !important; } /* text column */ body.archive .penci-featured-info, body.archive .item-content, body.archive .grid-header-box, body.archive .header-box, body.archive .entry-content, body.archive .penci-entry-media-none, body.tag .penci-featured-info, body.tag .item-content, body.tag .grid-header-box, body.tag .header-box, body.tag .entry-content, body.tag .penci-entry-media-none { flex: 1 1 auto !important; width: auto !important; max-width: none !important; margin: 0 !important; padding: 0 !important; text-align: left !important; } /* title */ body.archive .penci-entry-title, body.archive .entry-title, body.archive h2.penci-entry-title, body.archive .grid-title, body.archive .overlay-title, body.tag .penci-entry-title, body.tag .entry-title, body.tag h2.penci-entry-title, body.tag .grid-title, body.tag .overlay-title { margin: 0 0 10px 0 !important; font-size: 22px !important; line-height: 1.25 !important; text-align: left !important; } /* meta + excerpt */ body.archive .grid-post-box-meta, body.archive .entry-meta, body.archive .penci_post-meta, body.tag .grid-post-box-meta, body.tag .entry-meta, body.tag .penci_post-meta { margin: 0 0 10px 0 !important; text-align: left !important; } body.archive .item-content p, body.archive .penci-featured-info p, body.archive .entry-content p, body.archive .post-excerpt, body.archive .penci-post-excerpt, body.tag .item-content p, body.tag .penci-featured-info p, body.tag .entry-content p, body.tag .post-excerpt, body.tag .penci-post-excerpt { margin: 0 !important; font-size: 15px !important; line-height: 1.5 !important; text-align: left !important; } /* remove oversized first-post styling */ body.archive section.grid-featured:first-of-type, body.archive article.featured-layout, body.archive .featured-layout, body.tag section.grid-featured:first-of-type, body.tag article.featured-layout, body.tag .featured-layout { display: block !important; } body.archive article.featured-layout .penci-featured-wrapper, body.archive article.featured-layout .grid-header-box, body.tag article.featured-layout .penci-featured-wrapper, body.tag article.featured-layout .grid-header-box { display: block !important; } /* mobile */ @media (max-width: 768px) { body.archive section.grid-featured article.item, body.archive section.grid-featured article, body.archive .penci-grid article.item, body.tag section.grid-featured article.item, body.tag section.grid-featured article, body.tag .penci-grid article.item { display: block !important; } body.archive .thumbnail, body.archive .penci_post_thumb, body.archive .penci-thumb, body.archive .penci-image-holder, body.archive .penci-featured-thumbnail, body.tag .thumbnail, body.tag .penci_post_thumb, body.tag .penci-thumb, body.tag .penci-image-holder, body.tag .penci-featured-thumbnail { width: 100% !important; min-width: 0 !important; max-width: 100% !important; margin-bottom: 15px !important; } } /* ===== ARCHIVE PAGE TITLE COLOR ===== */ body.archive .archive-title, body.archive h1, body.archive .page-title, body.tag .archive-title, body.tag h1, body.tag .page-title { color: #02053b !important; } /* ===== POST TITLE HOVER COLOR ===== */ .penci-entry-title a:hover, .entry-title a:hover, h2 a:hover { color: #0176c1 !important; } /* ===== COVER IMAGE BOX ===== */ img.coverbox { border: 1px solid #d8d8d8; padding: 8px; background: #ffffff; box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.05); } /* Hide archive comment count everywhere */ body.archive .entry-meta [class*="comment"], body.archive .grid-post-box-meta [class*="comment"], body.archive .penci_post-meta [class*="comment"], body.archive .entry-meta a[href*="#respond"], body.archive .entry-meta a[href*="#comments"], body.archive .grid-post-box-meta a[href*="#respond"], body.archive .grid-post-box-meta a[href*="#comments"], body.archive .penci_post-meta a[href*="#respond"], body.archive .penci_post-meta a[href*="#comments"] { display: none !important; } /* ===== UNIFY ARCHIVE THUMBNAIL COLUMN WITHOUT HIDING IMAGES ===== */ /* same thumbnail width across archives */ body.archive .thumbnail, body.archive .penci_post_thumb, body.archive .penci-thumb, body.archive .penci-image-holder, body.archive .penci-image-holder a, body.archive .penci-featured-thumbnail, body.tag .thumbnail, body.tag .penci_post_thumb, body.tag .penci-thumb, body.tag .penci-image-holder, body.tag .penci-image-holder a, body.tag .penci-featured-thumbnail { width: 220px !important; min-width: 220px !important; max-width: 220px !important; flex: 0 0 220px !important; margin: 0 !important; } /* make normal img thumbnails behave */ body.archive .thumbnail img, body.archive .penci_post_thumb img, body.archive .penci-thumb img, body.archive .penci-featured-thumbnail img, body.tag .thumbnail img, body.tag .penci_post_thumb img, body.tag .penci-thumb img, body.tag .penci-featured-thumbnail img { width: 100% !important; height: auto !important; display: block !important; } /* make Soledad background-image holders display consistently */ body.archive .penci-image-holder, body.archive .penci-image-holder a, body.tag .penci-image-holder, body.tag .penci-image-holder a { background-size: cover !important; background-position: center center !important; background-repeat: no-repeat !important; min-height: 160px !important; } /* ===== SAFER ARCHIVE THUMBNAIL WIDTH NORMALIZATION ===== */ /* keep image column width consistent */ body.archive .thumbnail, body.archive .penci_post_thumb, body.archive .penci-thumb, body.archive .penci-image-holder, body.archive .penci-image-holder a, body.archive .penci-featured-thumbnail, body.tag .thumbnail, body.tag .penci_post_thumb, body.tag .penci-thumb, body.tag .penci-image-holder, body.tag .penci-image-holder a, body.tag .penci-featured-thumbnail { width: 220px !important; min-width: 220px !important; max-width: 220px !important; flex: 0 0 220px !important; margin: 0 !important; } /* normal image thumbnails */ body.archive .thumbnail img, body.archive .penci_post_thumb img, body.archive .penci-thumb img, body.archive .penci-featured-thumbnail img, body.tag .thumbnail img, body.tag .penci_post_thumb img, body.tag .penci-thumb img, body.tag .penci-featured-thumbnail img { width: 100% !important; height: auto !important; display: block !important; } /* Soledad background-image holders */ body.archive .penci-image-holder, body.archive .penci-image-holder a, body.archive .penci-featured-thumbnail, body.tag .penci-image-holder, body.tag .penci-image-holder a, body.tag .penci-featured-thumbnail { background-size: cover !important; background-position: center center !important; background-repeat: no-repeat !important; min-height: 140px !important; } 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					                        <span class="cat"><a class="penci-cat-name penci-cat-508" href="https://en.irefeurope.org/category/publications/iref-newsletter/"  rel="category tag">IREF Newsletter</a></span>
					                    <h2 class="penci-entry-title entry-title overlay-title"><a
                                href="https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/iref-newsletter/article/how-are-central-banks-likely-to-appraise-the-future-viability-of-neobanks/">How are Central Banks Likely to Appraise the Future Viability of Neobanks?</a></h2>
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			<span class="author-italic author vcard">by 
                             <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/john-butler/" title="Posts by John Butler" class="author url fn" rel="author">John Butler</a> and <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/gordon-kerr/" title="Posts by Gordon Kerr" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gordon Kerr</a>                        </span>
			<time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-07-26T07:29:29+00:00">July 26, 2023</time>		</div>
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							                                <span class="otherl-date-author author-italic author vcard">by 
                                     <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/john-butler/" title="Posts by John Butler" class="author url fn" rel="author">John Butler</a> and <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/gordon-kerr/" title="Posts by Gordon Kerr" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gordon Kerr</a>                                </span>
														                                <span class="otherl-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-07-26T07:29:29+00:00">July 26, 2023</time></span>
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						<p>Questionable business models in Fintech have been exposed, as predicted, in response to rising interest rates.  In Europe, the UK and US, rates have risen from near zero levels at&hellip;</p>
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					                        <span class="cat"><a class="penci-cat-name penci-cat-508" href="https://en.irefeurope.org/category/publications/iref-newsletter/"  rel="category tag">IREF Newsletter</a></span>
					                    <h2 class="penci-entry-title entry-title overlay-title"><a
                                href="https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/iref-newsletter/article/france-receives-a-debt-downgrade-as-interest-costs-and-the-eu-imbalances-increase-is-there-any-way-out/">France receives a debt downgrade as interest costs and the EU imbalances increase. Is there any way out?</a></h2>
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			<span class="author-italic author vcard">by 
                             <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/john-butler/" title="Posts by John Butler" class="author url fn" rel="author">John Butler</a> and <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/gordon-kerr/" title="Posts by Gordon Kerr" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gordon Kerr</a>                        </span>
			<time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-05-17T05:57:18+00:00">May 17, 2023</time>		</div>
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							                                <span class="otherl-date-author author-italic author vcard">by 
                                     <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/john-butler/" title="Posts by John Butler" class="author url fn" rel="author">John Butler</a> and <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/gordon-kerr/" title="Posts by Gordon Kerr" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gordon Kerr</a>                                </span>
														                                <span class="otherl-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-05-17T05:57:18+00:00">May 17, 2023</time></span>
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						<p>Ratings Agencies take notice of deteriorating finances Debt ratings agencies may not have the power they used to possess before the 2008 global financial crisis, but they still carry influence.&hellip;</p>
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					                    <h2 class="penci-entry-title entry-title overlay-title"><a
                                href="https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/iref-newsletter/article/bulgaria-has-postponed-its-entry-into-the-eurozone-what-does-this-mean/">Bulgaria Has Postponed its Entry into the Eurozone. What Does this Mean?</a></h2>
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			<span class="author-italic author vcard">by 
                             <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/john-butler/" title="Posts by John Butler" class="author url fn" rel="author">John Butler</a> and <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/gordon-kerr/" title="Posts by Gordon Kerr" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gordon Kerr</a>                        </span>
			<time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-03-08T07:44:55+00:00">March 8, 2023</time>		</div>
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							                                <span class="otherl-date-author author-italic author vcard">by 
                                     <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/john-butler/" title="Posts by John Butler" class="author url fn" rel="author">John Butler</a> and <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/gordon-kerr/" title="Posts by Gordon Kerr" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gordon Kerr</a>                                </span>
														                                <span class="otherl-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-03-08T07:44:55+00:00">March 8, 2023</time></span>
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						<p>Introduction – Bulgaria’s recent announcement On 17 February, Bulgarian finance minister Rositza Velkova announced that, rather than continue as planned with the full, formal adoption of the euro on 1&hellip;</p>
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                                href="https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/iref-newsletter/article/croatia-has-joined-the-eurozone-lets-look-at-the-upside-with-also-a-little-caution/">Croatia has Joined the Eurozone.  Let’s Look at the Upside, with also a little Caution</a></h2>
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                             <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/bob-lyddon/" title="Posts by Bob Lyddon" class="author url fn" rel="author">Bob Lyddon</a> and <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/gordon-kerr/" title="Posts by Gordon Kerr" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gordon Kerr</a>                        </span>
			<time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-01-18T05:09:42+00:00">January 18, 2023</time>		</div>
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							                                <span class="otherl-date-author author-italic author vcard">by 
                                     <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/bob-lyddon/" title="Posts by Bob Lyddon" class="author url fn" rel="author">Bob Lyddon</a> and <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/gordon-kerr/" title="Posts by Gordon Kerr" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gordon Kerr</a>                                </span>
														                                <span class="otherl-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-01-18T05:09:42+00:00">January 18, 2023</time></span>
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						<p>Introduction – Recent ECB Policy Developments Croatia became the 20th Eurozone member on January 1. Regular readers know our often expressed view that the euro is a deeply flawed currency&hellip;</p>
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					                    <h2 class="penci-entry-title entry-title overlay-title"><a
                                href="https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/iref-newsletter/article/the-new-uk-prime-minister-sunak/">The New UK Prime Minister Sunak</a></h2>
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			<span class="author-italic author vcard">by 
                             <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/gordon-kerr/" title="Posts by Gordon Kerr" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gordon Kerr</a>, <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/john-butler/" title="Posts by John Butler" class="author url fn" rel="author">John Butler</a> and <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/enrico-colombatto/" title="Posts by Enrico Colombatto" class="author url fn" rel="author">Enrico Colombatto</a>                        </span>
			<time class="entry-date published" datetime="2022-11-16T10:48:08+00:00">November 16, 2022</time>		</div>
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							                                <span class="otherl-date-author author-italic author vcard">by 
                                     <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/gordon-kerr/" title="Posts by Gordon Kerr" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gordon Kerr</a>, <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/john-butler/" title="Posts by John Butler" class="author url fn" rel="author">John Butler</a> and <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/enrico-colombatto/" title="Posts by Enrico Colombatto" class="author url fn" rel="author">Enrico Colombatto</a>                                </span>
														                                <span class="otherl-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2022-11-16T10:48:08+00:00">November 16, 2022</time></span>
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						<p>There was universal relief in the UK and international media at the demise of Prime Minister (PM) Liz Truss and her replacement by the man she had recently defeated in&hellip;</p>
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					                        <span class="cat"><a class="penci-cat-name penci-cat-508" href="https://en.irefeurope.org/category/publications/iref-newsletter/"  rel="category tag">IREF Newsletter</a></span>
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                                href="https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/iref-newsletter/article/to-what-extent-can-the-ecb-override-financial-markets/">To what Extent Can the ECB Override Financial Markets?</a></h2>
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			<span class="author-italic author vcard">by 
                             <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/gordon-kerr/" title="Posts by Gordon Kerr" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gordon Kerr</a>, <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/bob-lyddon/" title="Posts by Bob Lyddon" class="author url fn" rel="author">Bob Lyddon</a> and <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/enrico-colombatto/" title="Posts by Enrico Colombatto" class="author url fn" rel="author">Enrico Colombatto</a>                        </span>
			<time class="entry-date published" datetime="2022-09-21T07:04:08+00:00">September 21, 2022</time>		</div>
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							                                <span class="otherl-date-author author-italic author vcard">by 
                                     <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/gordon-kerr/" title="Posts by Gordon Kerr" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gordon Kerr</a>, <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/bob-lyddon/" title="Posts by Bob Lyddon" class="author url fn" rel="author">Bob Lyddon</a> and <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/enrico-colombatto/" title="Posts by Enrico Colombatto" class="author url fn" rel="author">Enrico Colombatto</a>                                </span>
														                                <span class="otherl-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2022-09-21T07:04:08+00:00">September 21, 2022</time></span>
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						<p>Towards the end of August, every year investors focus on the Jackson Hole conference of the central banking global elite. Given widespread acceptance among central bankers that non-temporary inflation is&hellip;</p>
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					                        <span class="cat"><a class="penci-cat-name penci-cat-508" href="https://en.irefeurope.org/category/publications/iref-newsletter/"  rel="category tag">IREF Newsletter</a></span>
					                    <h2 class="penci-entry-title entry-title overlay-title"><a
                                href="https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/iref-newsletter/article/ecb-policymakers-run-out-of-options-antifragmentation-cannot-both-address-inflation-and-contain-spreads/">ECB Policymakers Run Out of Options; Antifragmentation Cannot BOTH Address Inflation AND Contain Spreads</a></h2>
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			<span class="author-italic author vcard">by 
                             <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/gordon-kerr/" title="Posts by Gordon Kerr" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gordon Kerr</a>, <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/bob-lyddon/" title="Posts by Bob Lyddon" class="author url fn" rel="author">Bob Lyddon</a> and <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/enrico-colombatto/" title="Posts by Enrico Colombatto" class="author url fn" rel="author">Enrico Colombatto</a>                        </span>
			<time class="entry-date published" datetime="2022-07-20T06:57:42+00:00">July 20, 2022</time>		</div>
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							                                <span class="otherl-date-author author-italic author vcard">by 
                                     <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/gordon-kerr/" title="Posts by Gordon Kerr" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gordon Kerr</a>, <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/bob-lyddon/" title="Posts by Bob Lyddon" class="author url fn" rel="author">Bob Lyddon</a> and <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/enrico-colombatto/" title="Posts by Enrico Colombatto" class="author url fn" rel="author">Enrico Colombatto</a>                                </span>
														                                <span class="otherl-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2022-07-20T06:57:42+00:00">July 20, 2022</time></span>
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						<p>When the history of the euro currency’s rise and decline in popularity is written, the month of June 2022 will be viewed as decisive. In June, the ECB committed to&hellip;</p>
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                                href="https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/iref-newsletter/article/sanctions-could-hurt-the-ecb-more-than-russia/">Sanctions could hurt the ECB more than Russia</a></h2>
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			<span class="author-italic author vcard">by 
                             <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/gordon-kerr/" title="Posts by Gordon Kerr" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gordon Kerr</a>                        </span>
			<time class="entry-date published" datetime="2022-03-30T07:32:34+00:00">March 30, 2022</time>		</div>
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                                     <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/gordon-kerr/" title="Posts by Gordon Kerr" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gordon Kerr</a>                                </span>
														                                <span class="otherl-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2022-03-30T07:32:34+00:00">March 30, 2022</time></span>
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						<p>How can sanctions end the war?  Easily, according to respected Russian chess superstar and political activist, Gary Kasparov.  Simply isolate all Russian banks from the global financial infrastructure, confiscate all&hellip;</p>
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                                href="https://en.irefeurope.org/publications/iref-newsletter/article/september-15-financial-fiscal-features-newsletter/">September’15 Financial &#038; Fiscal Features Newsletter</a></h2>
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			<span class="author-italic author vcard">by 
                             <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/gordon-kerr/" title="Posts by Gordon Kerr" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gordon Kerr</a>, <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/john-butler/" title="Posts by John Butler" class="author url fn" rel="author">John Butler</a> and <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/enrico-colombatto/" title="Posts by Enrico Colombatto" class="author url fn" rel="author">Enrico Colombatto</a>                        </span>
			<time class="entry-date published" datetime="2015-09-11T22:04:00+00:00">September 11, 2015</time>		</div>
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							                                <span class="otherl-date-author author-italic author vcard">by 
                                     <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/gordon-kerr/" title="Posts by Gordon Kerr" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gordon Kerr</a>, <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/john-butler/" title="Posts by John Butler" class="author url fn" rel="author">John Butler</a> and <a href="https://en.irefeurope.org/auteur/enrico-colombatto/" title="Posts by Enrico Colombatto" class="author url fn" rel="author">Enrico Colombatto</a>                                </span>
														                                <span class="otherl-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2015-09-11T22:04:00+00:00">September 11, 2015</time></span>
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						<p>China devalued its currency by 3%. Financial markets responded disproportionately, but we explain that it is quite understandable, given government policies in the rich countries.<br />
We then investigate the devaluation&#8217;s effect on the US and EU financial markets as well as on the currencies of emerging markets. </p>
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						<p>Ultra Low Interest Rates have destabilized the global Economy whose capital markets now show signs of Illiquidity.</p>
<p>Stress testing of banks by central banking authorities has come to prominence as reliance on the traditional accounting standards has waned.   Europe’s banking system was successfully stress tested last October, but we were not impressed. </p>
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